GYMNOSPERMS - PINUS

Pinus

Occurrence

The genus Pinus has about 90 species. It has world wide in distribution. They are mostly present in the temperate regions.

Four species of pinus are found in Pakistan: Pinus wallichiana; Pinus halepensis; Pinus roxburghii; Pinus gerardiana.

GENERAL STRUCTURE

The plant body is sporophyte. It is an evergreen tall tree. Plant body is divided into root, stem and leaves Stem: The main trunk is unbranched. It has branches confined to the apical region. These branches form a characteristic canopy. It is covered with a scaly bark. Its branches

are dimorphic.

(a)Branches of unlimited growth: The main branches have an unlimited growth.

They bear only scale leaves.

(b)Branches of limited growth: Branches of limited growth or dwarf branches are

produced in the axil of the scale leaves on the main branches. These are about

1-2cm long. These are covered by one or two scale leaves. These branches also bear foliage leaves. A dwarf shoot with its foliage leaves is called spur.

Leaf:

Pinus has two types of leaves: scale leaves and foliage leaves.

(a) Scale leaves: The scale leaves are small, membranous and brownish in colour. These are protective in function.

They are present on the main and dwarf shoots.

(b)Foliage leaves: The foliage leaves are

green and needle-like. They are found only on the dwarf shoots forming the spur.

Roots: Pinus has a well developed tap root. It remains short and grows on hard ground or rocks. The lateral roots are well developed. These roots spread over a large area. Young roots are infested with a fungus to form mycorrhizae.

Internal Structure of the Stem

Stem is differentiated internally into epidermis, cortex, vascular tissue and central pith

1. Epidermis:

The surface is covered by an epidermis. It consists of a single layer of cells. Outer walls of these cells are highly cutinized. Below the epidermis is a hypodermis which is formed of layers of lignified cells.

2. Cortex:

The cortex is formed of parenchymatous cells. Cortex has a large number of resin canals. Each resin canal is surrounded by a layer of resin secreting glandular epithelial cells.

3. Vascular bundle:

The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral and open. They form a ring around the pith. In each vascular bundle the xylem is towards the inner side and phloem towards the outerside.

A narrow strip of cambium is present between xylem and phloem. Pericycle is present outer to the ring of vascular bundles. A single layered thin walled endodermis is present outside the pericycle. Secondary growth takes place by the activity of cambium ring. There are distinct annual growth rings in the wood.

4. Bark:

Phellogen originates in the deeper layers of the cortex. It is present in the form of strips. It produces characteristic scaly bark.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF

A transverse section shows following internal parts of the leaf:

1. Epidermis:

Leaf is covered by thick walled epidermis. Epidermis is covered by a thick layer of cuticle. Sunken stomata are present below the general surface. Two or three layered hypodermis is present underneath the epidermis. Hypodermis is compose  of sclerenchymatous tissues. This hypodermis is the main strengthening tissue of the leaf.

2. Mesophyll:

The mesophyll of the leaf is parenchymatous. It is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Resin canals are present below the hypodermis. Each resin canal is lined by a layer of small epithelial cells. Each leaf is supplied by two branched veins.

3. Endodermis and vascular tissues:

Endodermis is present outside the pericycle. Pericycle surrounds the xylem Pericycle is formed of parenchymatous cells. Its cells adjacent to the phloem are called aluminous cells. The cells adjacent to the xylem are called tracheid cells.

These specialized cells form the transfusion tissue. They help in the lateral flow of nutrients.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT

young root is di- to pentarch. Xylem bundles are Y-shaped. Siwtil parenchymatous pith may be present or absent in the centre. The ring of vascular

bundles is surrounded by two to three layered pericycle. Pericycle is surrounded by endodermis. The cortex consists of a few layers of thin walled parenchymatous cells. Root hairs may be present or absent. Roots may be covered by mycorrhizal fungus.

REPRODUCTION

Pinus is monoecious. Plant develops both

male and female strobili on the same

plant. The strobili are monosporous. There is no vegetative reproduction in Pinus.

Male Cone

The male cones are much smaller. They are produced in clusters near the tip of

the long shoots. The male cones are

produced in the spring. Each male cone

has a central axis. It bears a number of

spirally arranged microsporophylls or stamens. Each microsporophyll has sac like microsporangia (pollen sacs) on the ventral side. Each microsporangium produces a large number of microspores (pollen grains). The wall of each microspore (pollen grain) consists of an inner intine and an outer exine. It has balloon like wings. The wings help in the dispersal of spores by wind.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSPORANGIUM (STAMEN)

1. A number of hypodermal cells act

sporangial initials. The sporangial initials divides to form outer wall initials and the inner archesporial initial.

2. The wall initials divide to form a many layered wall of the sporangium. The archesporial initials also increase in number by the repeated divisions. The

peripheral cells of the archesporium form the tapetum.

3. Some of the archesporial cells are transformed into microspore mother cells. The remaining archesporial cells and the tapetal layer provide nourishment to the developing microspore mother cells.

4. The microspore mother cell divides by meiosis to form four microspores or pollen grains. The exine of spore forms wings. The pollen grain divides in to smaller and larger cells.

The smaller cell again divides to form two small prothallial cells.

The larger cell becomes antheridial cell. The sporangium splits and microspores are released from the microsporangia at this stage.

MALE PROTHALLUS

1. The pollen grain has two prothalial cells and an antheridial cell. These

cells soon disintegrate. Further development of the pollen grain takes place at the surface of the nucellus.

2. The antheridial cell cut off second prothalial cells.

3. It also cut off generative cell adjacent to the prothallial cells.

4. The remaining large cell is known as the tube cell. Its nucleus is called tube nucleus. Tube nucleus controls the growth of the pollen tube.

5. Exine of the pollen grain ruptures.

6. Intine grows out to form the pollen tube. It grows through the nucellus. But its activity stops till spring. 

7. Female cone enlarges very much in size after pollination Outer ends of the ovuliferous scales increase very much. They meet each other to close the gaps in between them. The cone is covered with a lot of resinous secretions.

 Female cone

Female cones are produced in the axils of the scale leaves. The production of

female cones is initiated in the winter.

These become ready for pollination during the following spring. Each young female cone has a central axis. It bears spirally arranged scales. The scales are of two types. Some are thin membranous and are directly attached to the central axis. They are called bract scales. Woody ovuliferous scales are present on the ventral surface of each bract scale. The broader end of the ovuliferous scale has projection called the umbo. Each ovuliferous scale bears two ovules. They are situated side by side on upper side.

Each ovule (megasporangium) has a mass of nucellar tissue. They are surrounded by a single integument. The micropylar end

of the ovule is directed towards the

central axis. A single megaspore mother cell is differentiated in the nucellus near

the micropylar end. This megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores. Only the lower most megaspore remains functional. The others disintegrate Functional megaspore (embryo sac) increases in size. It occupied the major part of the nucellus. Pollination takes place at this stage.

FEMALE  PROTHALLUS

The megaspore divides many times to form female prothallus. Megaspore wall encloses the female prothallus. Three archegonia are produced towards the micropylar end.

Each archegonium develops from a single prothalial cell. Archegonia consist of a large venter and a short neck. The oosphere or egg is very large. It is bounded by the prothallial cells.

There is a small ventral canal cell below the neck.

The neck is without any neck canal cells.

The prothalial tissue enlarges very much in size. It crushes all nucellar tissue except a small amount near the micropylar end.

POLLINATION

Each ovule secretes a mucilaginous drop at the micropylar end. A gap is produced between the ends of the ovuliferous scales. It forms a passage for the entry of pollen grains. Wind carried pollen grains. The mucilage drop entangles the pollen grain. Pollen grain is carried through the micropyle to the surface of the nucellus.

Formation of Embryo and Seed

Diploid nucleus divides thrice to form eight cells. The lower four cells becomes proembryonal cells. The upper four nuclei are separated by incomplete cell walls. Four proembryonal divides to produce three tiers of cells:

1. Embryonal cell: The cells of the lower tier become embryonic cells. The four embryonic cells separate from each other

Each develops into a separate embryo

independently. Each embryonal cell forms secondary suspensor cells. The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized oosphere is called polyembryony. Only one embryo reaches maturity. The rest are aborted.

1. Suspensor cells: The cells of the middle

tier become suspensor cells. Suspensor cells elongate very much. it pushes the developing embryos into the prothaliat

tissue for nutrition.

2. Rosette cells: The cells of the upper most tiers are called the rosette cells. These cells do not take part in the development of the embryo.

A fully developed embryo is in the forma short straight axis. Its radicle is present towards the micropylar end. Plumule is present towards the inner side. Plumule is surrounded by ten cotyledons. The unutilized prothalial tissue forms the endosperm. The persistent nucellus tissues near the micropylar end form the perisperm.

The integument becomes hard testa. Some part of the ovuliferous scale fuses with the developing seed. It makes a large wing for dispersal of seed. The axis of the female cone rapidly increases. It produces gaps in ovuliferous scales. The cone becomes woody for the dispersal of seeds.

GERMINATION OF SEED

The radicle grows out. it splits the testa at the micropylar end. This radicle grows down into the soil and forms the primary root. The hypocotyl elongates to form a loop. Then it becomes straight, It carries with it the plumule and the cotyledons. The testa is also carried up with the cotyledons.